Writing, curating and teaching on art and architecture

PERGi pärgamine

In autumn 2023 I curated a series of articles on architectural criticism for weekly newspaper Eesti Ekspress. Some written by myself, others by colleagues and students. My first article was about the newly opened Pelgulinna State High School in Tallinn. 


 

Kümmekond aastat tagasi õpetasin ma Viljandis, vastselt avatud Eesti esimeses riigigümnaasiumis. Olin heldinud, kuidas uus kool tõi kokku agaraid õpetajaid üle maa ja kuidas kavalalt orgu laotatud maja elavdas väikelinna. Eriti vaimustasid mind targad õpilased. Lugesin sel ajal 1934. aasta koolireformi kohta, mis aidanud esile kerkida iseteadlikul gümnasistide põlvkonnal, kes moodustas vaikiva ajastu lõpus vaat et kõige radikaalsema ühiskonnagrupi. Kirjutasin toona Kunst.ee-s, et loodetavasti toovad riigigümnaasiumid areenile uue ärksa kontingendi, kes tajub ja realiseerib oma häält ja õigust ning on võimeline üle kavaldama enese gümnasisti staatust. Kümme aastat ja 27 riigigümnaasiumit hiljem tundub mulle, et midagi sellist juhtunud ei ole. Küll aga on rekonstrueeritud või ehitatud vahvaid koolimaju kahekümnesse Eesti linna, mis oma elegantsuse poolest erinevad täielikult nendest nõukogudeaegsetest H-kujulistest õpiasutustest, milles enamus meist õppinud on. Seega, kui riigigümnasistid ei ole just aktiveerunud, siis loodetavasti on nad normaliseerunud, on tavalised ja mõistlikud inimesed, kes on sirgunud eluterves keskkonnas. Just nagu Toomas Hendrik Ilves unistas kunagi Eestist kui igavast Põhjamaast. Üheks selliseks hea elu näiteks on vastselt avatud Tallinna Pelgulinna Riigigümnaasium ehk PERG.

 

PERGi põhiautoriks olev Arhitekt MUST on kümme aastat tagasi asutatud büroo, kelle senistest töödest võib esile tõsta Suure-Jaani tervisekoja (2019), Tõrva keskväljaku (2018) ning Tabivere põhikooli (2020). Büroo visuaalses identiteedis on esikohal piktogramm arhitektist, kes kannab kõrge kaelusega sviitrit ja ümmargusi prille. Tahtmata teha suuri sõnu, ei saa kuidagi mööda vaadata asjaolust, et need priilid asetavad MUSTa tiimi triksterlike ruumiloojate punti, kuhu kuuluvad nii moodsa arhitektuuri käilakuju Le Corbusier kui siinne vembutaja Vilen Künnapu. Töötegemise aluseks on iseomane attitude ja usk arhitektuuri vabastavasse potentsiaali.

 

Hoone arhitektuurikonkurss toimus 2020. aastal. Võistluse korraldamise ajal ei olnud kooli eraldiseisva institutsioonina veel olemaski, kuid Haridusministeerium oli paika pannud plaani, et tehnikakallakuga Mustamäe ja ühiskonnafookusega Tõnismäe riigigümnaasiumi kõrval keskendub PERG keskkonnateemadele. Seetõttu lähtusid nii võiduprojekt kui teised võistlustööd ökoloogilistest kaalutlustest. Kooli asutamise järel on fookust mõnevõrra muudetud ning tähelepanu kavatsetakse pöörata igasugustele suure ühiskondliku mõjuga väljakutsetele. Nähes, kui särasilmselt värske, kuid juba tugevalt kokkuhoidev kollektiiv asja kallale on asunud, olen tuleviku suhtes lootusrikas. Kooli avamisel laususid nii koolipere, arhitektid, sise- ja maastikuarhitektid kui ehitajad kui riigiesindajad RKASist justkui ühest suust, et koostöö oli ladus ja mõnus. See on hea uudis maja kasutajatele, aga selline tagasiside on ka arhitektiameti juures ilmselt üks kõige olulisemaid rahulolufaktorid.

 

Tegemist on erilise majaga, sest teda on mitmel pool nimetatud Eesti üheks suurimaks puitmajaks, mille kandekonstruktsioonidest koosneb 85% liim- ja ristkihtpuidust. Riik on sellega märgi maha pannud, sest kui “traditsiooniliste ehitusmaterjalide” nagu betooni ja terase tootmine ja kasutamine ammendab lõplikke maavarasid ning kulutab tohutult vett ning paiskab õhku kasvuhoonegaase, siis vähemalt praeguste kriteeriumide järgi peame me puitu taastuvaks ressursiks. Kuna PERGi fookuses on nurjatute probleemidega tegelemine, s.t vastuste otsimine mitmetahulistele majanduslikele, sotsiaalsetele ja kultuurilistele küsimustele, siis on kihvt, et koolitöö toimub kestas, mis on aus ning elab ja hingab. Practice what you preach!

 

Et Eestis ei ole pea pool sajandit sellises mahus avalikke hooneid puidust ehitatud (viimastest aastatest võib välja tuua Hiiumaa spordikeskuse (Molumba, 2021) ja Viimsi riigigümnaasiumi (Kamp arhitektid, 2018)), siis seisavad nii ehitusvaldkonnal kui ühiskonnal laiemalt ees puidu uuesti tundma õppimise õpitunnid. Siia lisandub ka arhitektuurikeele arendamise tasand: mille alusel me võiksime nimetada ühte hoonet puithooneks ja teist mitte? Kas selleks peaks teatud protsent hoone tarinditest koosnema puidust või on ehk tunnetuslikult märksa olulisem puidu väärikas kasutamine siseviimistluses?

 

Arhitekt MUST provotseerib sellega, et kogu hoone fassaadi katab liimpuidust ruumiline võrestik, kuhu on väidetavalt maetud (või peaksin ma ütlema suunatud, investeeritud, istutatud?) 33 km jagu ja 2,6 miljoni euro väärtuses puitu. Ühelt poolt on see metsik membraan võrratult dekoratiivne, tehes sellest ühe kõige kenama maja uuemas Tallinnas. Teisalt on sellel kestal kindel tarve kaitsta hoone välisseinu otsese päikesevalguse ja muude ilmastikunähtuste eest. Ühtlasi muudavad need ristirästi prussid kogu kooli perimeetri aktiivseks alaks, sest selle struktuuri otsas on lihtsalt mõnus istuda, logeleda ja turnida.

 

Kuigi jah, tegelikult peaksid loodusjõudude eest maju kaitsma selle ümber kasvavad päris puud. nii oleks loomulikum ja... odavam. Eks teatud määral on ka sellele mõeldud, kuid äsja istutatud männid sirguvad suurteks alles ühe-kahe inimpõlve jooksul. No elame, näeme. Viimsi riigigümnaasiumi puhul, kus puidust on teine ja kolmas korrus, otsustati esimene korrus teha betoonist just sellepärast et vältida maapinna rõskusest tulenevat võimalikku mädanemist.

 

On üks veel tähtsam küsimus. Kui kvaliteetsest ja hoolikalt ettevalmistatud puidust on PERG ehitatud? Mul on kahtlusi, et tänased puiduettevõtjad saavad endale lubada sellist aupaklikkust ja meisterlikkust, mis iseloomustas hiliskeskaegsete vanalinna hoonete ehitajaid või neid talumehi, kes oma suguseltsile mitmesajaks aastaks palkmaja ehitasid. Jutt käib põlvkondade jooksul ladestunud teadmistest ja ehituspõhimõtetest, mis ei käi kokku turumajanduse rapsiva ehitustegevuse ja riigihanke odavaima pakkuja loogikaga. Meister valis puid hoolikalt ning aasta enne puu langetamist lõikas ta selle koore alla lõike, et puu hakkaks vaiku ajama, s.t endast mürke välja ajama. Ja kui läks saagimiseks, siis ainult talvel, et puu saaks aasta või poolteist kuivada. Alles kuiv puu hakkab kahanema ehk elama. Seega me räägime kahest või kolmest aastast, mis jäi puu väljavalimise ja ehitamise vahele. Pigem tundub, et praeguse ehituskultuuri loogika ei võimalda ehitada kestlikku puidust maja, linnast rääkimata. Ükskõik kui palju neid prusse ka töödeldud pole, on oht, et nad on mõne aasta pärast mädad ja vajavad väljavahetamist. Kummaline viiekordne räästas, mis vajaks omakorda räästast. PERGi omamoodi okaskroon.

 

Ent sellegi poolest on tegemist väga erilise ja meeldiva ruumiga. On sümpaatne, kuidas see hoone püüdleb selles suunas, et seda mitte ainult ei defineeriks maastikuarhitektuur, vaid laiemalt meie laiuskraadi loodus ja inimolu. Mets kui vaese mehe kasukas, köögiviljapeenar kui traditsioonilise kooliaia tuum. See maastik valgub ka tuppa, kus on eksponeeritud üksjagu puitu ja ruumimulje on lahke ja hajus, hajakülaline. Koridorid on uhkelt laiad, neid võiks vana kombe kohaselt lausa galeriideks nimetada.

 

Olles kogenud koolimaja nii enne kui pärast õpilaste saabumist, ei jäänud mulle silma midagi ebaloogilist. Võib-olla ainult see väike (suur?) asi, et tahes-tahtmata avatud garderoob aula-fuajee ja söökla ees oma tuhande paari vahetusjalanõudega hakkab endast ühel päeval ninakalt märku andma. Me kõik teame seda kooligarderoobide spetsiifilist haisu. Kui veel nähtavast rääkida, siis koridoride barbiroosad kahhelplaadid mõjuvad rohkem mänguliselt kui infantiilselt, aga siin-seal kasutatud sinitähniline linoleumilaadne põrandakate mõjub ehmatavalt kohatult. Ülejäänud ruum on sellega apsakaga võrreldes lihtsalt niivõrd peen ja maitsekas.

 

Aga jällegi – ei taha, et pindmisele keskenduv kriitika kõlama jääks, sest see hoone tõstatab palju põnevamaid küsimusi, nagu näiteks see, kuidas suhtuda eksootilistesse puudesse, mis koolimajja botaanikaaia moel kasvama on pandud? Ma ei taha öko-küsimustes juuksekarva lõhki ajada, aga PERGi õpilaste jaoks on need olulised teemad. Kas ja kuidas sarnaneb Hollandi taimetööstus industriaalsele puurikanakasvandusele või kuidas elada nii, et sul ei tekiks kunagi iha IKEAst mõnda ilupuud või mööblijuppi soetada? Kuidas ehitada siis, kui kogu toormaterjal võib pärineda saja ruutkilomeetri raadiusest?

 

Ja lõpetuseks – mind paneb imestama, et kõige selle ägeda haridusinnovatsiooni juures, mis defineerib ümber mõisted nagu klassijuhataja või tunniplaan, näevad klassiruumid ikka välja nagu maakirikud, kus õpilaste hardad pilgud on suunatud kantslis trooniva autoriteetse Õpetaja suunas. Midagi oleks nagu valesti. Sellistel juhtudel meenub ikka üks saksa anekdoot haridusuuenduse kohta: kui Saksa keisririigis püüti lastest natsionaliste kasvatada, siis tulemuseks oli sotsialistlik Weimari vabariik. Nemad tahtsid lastest sotsialiste kasvatada, tulemuseks oli aga natsiriik. Ja nii edasi. Ühe sõnaga, innovatsioon võib olla lahe ja peibutav, aga haridus on oma olemuselt mõõdukalt konservatiivne ja inertne valdkond. Sellega peab arvestama ka arhitektuur.

 

 


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